Izindlela zikaJohnson zokutholwa kokucabanga okushisayo nokuqashelwa

Isizinda esingokomlando: Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950s, uJohn W. Johnson we-U.S. Amabutho enze izivivinyo zokuphayona ngobusuku - I-Vision Image Instansifiers ukukala ukuthi imiphi imininingwane ehlukahlukene edingekayo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yokubuka (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia). Ephepheni lakhe lika-1958 "Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinhlelo Zakha Izithombe", UJohnson wabika imibundu enamandla (emgqeni ngababili kwelitshe) edingekayo emisebenzini ehlukene (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia). Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi Izindlela zikaJohnson. Iguquke i-Sensor Design ngokuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi babikezele ukuthi kubhekwe kude kangakanani, kubonwe, noma kukhonjwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinikezwe (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia). Usebenzisa lezi zindlela, amamodeli amaningi okubikezela ngemuva kwesikhathi athuthukiswa ukukala ukusebenza kwenzwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile zokusebenza (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

Ukutholwa, ukuqashelwa, kanye nokukhonjwa imisebenzi (DRI)

Izindlela zikaJohnson zichaza ezintathu zokuqala Imisebenzi Ebonakalayo:

• Ukutholwa: Lowo obukele mane nje uyabona ukuthi into ikhona. (Kuleli zinga, umuntu angahle abone kuphela "blob" noma ushintsho endaweni yesehlakalo.) UJohnson uthole ukuthi ukutholwa okudingekayo mayelana 1.0 ± 0.25 ngazimbili ngaphesheya kwelitshe (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

• Ukuqashelwa: Obonayo angasho uhlobo olujwayelekile lwento (ngokwesibonelo, ehlukanisa umuntu emotweni). Lokhu kudinga imininingwane eminingi - Ekuqaleni cishe 4.0 ± 0.8 Line ngababili (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

• Ukukhonjwa: Obonayo angakhomba into ethile (e.g. Imodeli ethile yemoto noma umuntu othize). Lona ngumsebenzi onzima kunabo bonke, odinga mayelana 6.4 ± 1.5 Line ngababili (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

(UJohnson ubuye waphawula i-Intermediaciate "Orientaition" Step ku ~ 1.4 Line ngababili (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia), kepha izingxoxo zanamuhla zivame ukugxila emisebenzini ye-DRI.) Ngamagama obunjiniyela obusebenzayo, umugqa owodwa womugqa uhambelana namaphikseli amabili wesithombe ngaphesheya kwelitshe (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia). Ekucacisweni kwesimanje ukucabanga kokucabanga, le mibundu ivame ukuhlanganiswa 1, 3, kanye nemijikelezo engu-6 ngamathuba angama-50% okwenza umsebenzi (Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?).

(Ubuciko bamahhala be-Man Silhouette Landa izithonjana ze-17,246+ Man Silhouette & Graphics - Uhlobo libhongwane) Umdwebo: Umuntu - Inkomba ebunjiwe ngaphansi kokubonwa. E- ibanga elikhona, ilitshe likhiqiza kuphela i-silhouette emnyama (eyanele ukuthola); Njengoba ukulungiswa (noma ukusondela) kukhuphuka, kuvela izici zobuso nezingubo, ukuvumela ukuqashelwa futhi ekugcineni kukhonjwa okugcwele. Izindlela zikaJohnson zikhetha ukuthi mangaki amabhangqa womugqa wemininingwane adingekayo esigabeni ngasinye (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?).

Izindlela zikaJohnson (imikhawulo yesisombululo)

Izindlela zokuqala zikaJohnson zivame ukufingqwa ngokulandela isilinganiso sempumelelo engu-50% yomsebenzi ngamunye (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia):

• Ukutholwa (ubukhona bento): ~ 1.0 umugqa umugqa kulitshe (amathuba angama-50%) (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

• Ukuqashelwa (isigaba sento): ~ 4.0 umugqa ngabili kulitshe (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

• Ukuhlonza (into ethile): ~ 6.4 Amabili ngababili kulitshe (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).

These values assume high target-background contrast and an ideal observer. (Each line pair equals two sensor pixels, so e.g. 1.0 line pair ≈ 2 pixels across the target width (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia).) Izinhlelo eziningi zisho izinombolo ze- "Dri" ze- "Dri" ze-1Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?). Isibonelo, inkombandlela ye-NATO isebenzisa umjikelezo ocishe u-1 wokutholwa, 3 ukuze uqashelwe, kanye no-6Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?). (I-U.S. Amasosha Avuselelwe Zuza I-Criteria isebenzisa u-0.75, 1.5, 3, nemijikelezo engu-6 yokuthola, ukuhlukanisa, ukubona, ukukhomba imisebenzi ecwengekile (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).)

Izindlela zikaJohnson zivame ukuvezwa ngokusobala: Kunikezwe N Imijikelezo ethanjeni, kukhona amathuba ahambisanayo enza kahle umsebenzi ngamunye (imvamisa i-sigmoid - njengawo, ngama-50% emibunjeni ebekelwe phansi). Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukusetshenziswa 'njengomthetho wesithupha' okuhlobene nokuxazululwa okudingekayo kulowo msebenzi.

Isisekelo sezibalo (isixazululo nobubanzi)

Le khasi Inani lemijikelezo eguquguqukayo Ngaphesheya kwelitshe kuncike ngosayizi wethagethi, ibanga, izinzwa ze-Optics, nosayizi we-pixel. Kwi-pinhole elula noma imodeli yelensi emincane (encane - ukulinganiselwa kwe-angle), okukodwa (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele):

-phi n inani lemijikelezo kwilitshe, h_o usayizi wethagethi (m), f ubude be-lens obugxile (amayunithi afanayo ne-pixel pitch), p i-pixel pitch (ibanga phakathi kwezikhungo ze-pixel), futhi R ububanzi buye kwelitshe. Le formula ithumba imiphumela enembile: ithagethi enkulu (noma ubude obugxile obude) iyanda n, ngenkathi i-pixel enkulu noma ibanga elide liyancipha n (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele). Nxa N Imijikelezo iyadingeka (kusuka etafuleni likaJohnson) ngomsebenzi othile, uhla lokutholwa ingaxazululwa njengoba

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphindisela usayizi oqondiwe noma ubude obugxile buphindwe kabili uhla lokutholwa lwe-fixed N (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele). Ngokufanayo, ukunciphisa i-pixel pitch (I.E Lawa amafomula avame ukusetshenziswa yi-thermal camera spec read - amashidi ukulinganisa D / R / I Rangetes ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle.

Izici ezithinta uhla lokutholwa

Ifomula elula elula engenhla ithatha umehluko omuhle nezimo ezicacile. Ekusebenzeni, izinto eziningi zithonya ukutholwa nokuqashelwa uhla:

• Usayizi wethagethi nokuqhathanisa: Larger (taller or wider) targets are visible at greater distances; similarly, a target with higher infrared contrast (e.g. hotter vs cooler than background) is easier to detect. For thermal cameras, a common assumption is a ∼2°C temperature difference from background for reliable detection. Smaller or low-contrast targets require more cycles (thus closer ranges).

• Ukulungiswa kwenzwa & i-Optics: Njengoba kukhonjisiwe, amaphikseli amahle (amancane p) nobude obude obude f ukwandisa ibanga. Futhi, umsebenzi wokudlulisa inzwa we-sensor (MTF) kanye nekhwalithi ye-optical athinta ukuthi imininingwane idluliswa kahle kanjani. Emazwini kaJohnson, ama-Optics angcono (i-MTF ephakeme) yehlisa ngempumelelo imijikelezo edingekayo yomsebenzi onikezwe (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele).

• Izimo zasemkhathini: Amasiginali wangempela aqashelwa amasiginali anfrared. Imiphumela yemvula, inkungu, noma uthuli kunganciphisa kakhulu ibanga. Amamodeli alula asebenzisa umthetho kabhiya (f_t = exp (- r / l_r)) Ukuhlanganisa ukudluliselwa eWavelength (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). Izifundo ze-Empirical Show For and Heavy Weather zingase zinciphise kakhulu ukutholakala kokutholwa, ngisho naku-IR (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). I-Thermal Ir ihlushwa ngaphansi komugqa wamanzi kunokukhanya okubonakalayo, kepha isimo sezulu esibi sisafunyanisa ukwahlukana okukhulu (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson) (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).

• Isendlalelo sangemuva: Okuphakeme - Ingemuva ye-Clutter yenza kube nzima. Izivivinyo zibonisa ukuthi "emvedweni ophansi" izigcawu zikaJohnson zingaba zincane njengezinkulungwane ezingama-0,5 ukutholwa, kepha esigcawini "esiphakeme" ngaphezulu kwemijikelezo engu-2,5 ingadingeka ukuthola ama-50% (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). Empeleni, isizinda esiyinkimbinkimbi noma esiyinkimbinkimbi noma esibonakalayo sivame ukufana nokwehluka kwethage noma ukulungiswa kahle ngaphezulu kwe-johnson's angenalutho.

• Isiginali - Ku - Isilinganiso somsindo (SNR) nomsindo we-Sensor: Ama-Thermal Detectors anomsindo (nedd) kanye nebanga elinamandla elinamandla. Isiginesha enobuthakathaka noma umsindo ophakeme we-sensor ephakamisa ngempumelelo imijikelezo edingekayo. Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi i-SNR ephansi isebenza njengokufiphala: kunciphisa ikhwalithi yesithombe futhi kunciphise uhla olusebenzayo (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).

Ngokubambisana, lezi zinto zisho ukuthi izindlela zikaJohnson zinikeza amabanga afanele. Noma yikuphi ukubalwa okusebenzayo kumele kufake ukudluliselwa komkhathi, ukungqubuzana kwethage, umsindo we-sensor, njll. Isibonelo, amafomula kaJohonson asho ukuthi amafomula kaJohnson acabanga ukuthi "umehluko omuhle nomsindo ophansi) nomoya ophansi. Ngokuvamile, i-equation yobubanzi obungokoqobo bukhulisa ifomula elula ngokubonakala noma isikhathi sokuhambisa ukuze ku-akhawunti ngomkhathi.

Izibalo zesibonelo

Usebenzisa amafomula angenhla, umuntu angalinganisa ama-D / R / i Ranges ngekhamera enikeziwe nelitshe. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Isibonelo: Umuntu omude 2m (h_o = 2m) okufanelwe yikhamera eshisayo nge f = 50mm nePixel Pitch p = 20μm (= 0.02mm). Usebenzisa uJohnson's 1 - Umjikelezo Womjikelezo Wokutholwa,

  $$R _ {\ rm det} = \ frac {2 \, \ \ {m \ {m \ {m \ \ {mm \ {mm} \ times 0.02 times 0.02 \ \ \ \ umbhalo \ \ umbhalo$$

  For recognition (≈3 cycles) and identification (≈6 cycles), the ranges become ≈833?m and ≈417?m respectively (since $R\propto1/N$).

• Isibonelo soMkhiqizi: Inothi lesicelo seLeonardo Drs linikeza ilitshe lomuntu (ubukhulu obucayi ~ 0.95m) nekhamera enamaphikseli ayi-17μm kanye nobude obugxile be-16.75mm. Ngomsebenzi we-3 - Umsebenzi wokuqashelwa kwe-Cycle, ahlanganisa uhla lokutholwa olungama-50% acishe abe ngu-157m. (Ngezinombolo ezifanayo, ifomu lethu livuselela ama- $ r \ approx (0.95 \ times 16.75) / (2 \ times0.017 \ times3)

• Amanani ajwayelekile: Ezimweni ezinhle (umehluko omuhle, umoya osobala), umthetho kaJohnson - we - Isithupha sibikezela ukutholwa komuntu ngaphandle kwe-oda lamakhilomitha ambalwa. Isibonelo, umthombo owodwa uCites ~ 2000m ukutholwa, ~ 667m ukuqashelwa, kanye no- ~ 333m umuntu ongumuntu ongu-1.8m (Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?).

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo kaJohnson ingasetshenziswa kanjani ngokuqondile nge-arithmetic elula. Amabanga angempela ekusebenzeni ajwayele ukwehla ngenxa yezinto ezishiwo ngenhla.

Izinja

Izindlela zikaJohnson zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuklameni nasekuhlolweni izinhlelo zokucabanga ezishisayo Emikhakheni eminingi:

• Ezempi kanye nokuzivikela: Izinzwa ebusuku - I-Vision Scope, Ukubona okushisayo, nokubhekwa kaningi kuvame ukusulwa ku-D / R / I Ranges kususelwa kumigomo kaJohnson (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia). Ukutholwa okuqondiwe nokwamukelwa (umngani vs isitha) ebusuku bathembela kulezi zilinganiso. Imibhalo eminingi yezinkundla zokuthengwa kwezinsimu kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla Inkomba 1 - 3 Rule - we - isithupha sesikhali -

• Ukucinga nokutakula / ukuphepha: Amakhamera we-Handheld noma abekwe phansi okushisayo asetshenziselwa ukuthola abantu abalahlekile, noma aqaphe ama-perimeters, nawo asebenzisa amamethrikhi ama-DRI. Isibonelo, amaqembu okuhlenga angadinga ikhamera engakwazi bona umuntu e-1km futhi khumbula ngo-400m. Indlela kaJohnson ihlinzeka ngesisekelo saleyo ncazelo.

• Ukubhekwa kanye nokuqiniswa komthetho: Umngcele we-Border, ukuqapha izilwane zasendle, kanye nezinhlelo zokutholwa kokutholwa Sebenzisa lezi zinqubo ukubikezela ukuthi inzwa kude kangakanani ingathatha umuntu noma imoto ebusuku. .

Esimweni ngasinye, inqubo kaJohnson isiza ukuhumusha amapharamitha we-sensor (isinqumo, i-Optics, usayizi we-pixel) abe yi-metric yokusebenza enembile (ibanga lokuthola noma ukukhomba ilitshe elijwayelekile).

Ukulinganiselwa kanye nokuguqulwa kwanamuhla

Naphezu kokusebenziseka kwayo, izindlela zikaJohnson zibalulekile ukulinganiselwa. Kuyimodeli ephakeme, ekhethiwe eshiya amaqiniso amaningi - Imiphumela Yomhlaba:

• Izimo ezenziwe lula: Kuthatha ingemuva lomfaniswano, umehluko wethageli olwanele, nomthombo - Akunandaba nge-clutter noma ukufihlakala. Ekusebenzeni, okuhlosiwe ngokumelene nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi kungadinga ukulungiswa okuningi kunamanani weJohnsonUmlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).

• Indiva imiphumela yemvelo: Imibandela yasekuqaleni ayifaki isimo sezulu noma i-attenuation yezulu. Izifundo zigcizelela lokho Ayikho imodeli elula Ithwebula ngokuphelele inkungu, imvula, nemiphumela yentuthu (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson) (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). Izinhlelo zanamuhla zivame ukuphindaphinda ngegama lokuhambisa umoya noma usebenzise amamodeli wokubonakala eMpirical.

• Izici zabantu: Umsebenzi kaJohnson wasebenzisa ababukeli abambalwa abaqeqeshiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo; Akunaki ukwehluka ekuqeqesheni okubukwayo, ukunakwa, ukukhathala, njll. Kungahle kube nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu abathile ekubonakaleni kwangempela (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).

• Isiginali nokucutshungulwa: Imodeli iphatha isithombe njengokuthi ikhawulelwe kuphela nge-geometry (amaphikseli nama-optics). Akufaki umsindo we-sensor (i-netd), uhla olushukumisayo, noma izithuthukisi zokucubungula isithombe. Noma yikuphi ukulola i-algoriths eboard noma ividiyo kungathuthukisa ukulungiswa okusebenzayo, okusho ukuthi amakhamera angempela avame ukwedlula umkhawulo we-attanson.

• Ukugxila okungenzeka: Izindlela zichazwa ngamathuba angama-50%. Abachazi ukuthi ukusebenza kuthuthuka kanjani ngokulungiswa okuthe xaxa okudlula umkhawulo, futhi akudli amanga - Amanani we-alamu noma ama-roc curve.

Ngenxa yalezi zikhala, amamodeli okusebenza kwanamuhla anweba indlela kaJohnson. Isibonelo, i-U.S. Army's Zuza Indlela ilungisa izidingo zomjikelezo (0.75 imijikelezo yokutholwa, njll.) Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni okubanzi ngokwengeziwe (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). Amathuluzi amaningi wokuhlaziya manje ahlanganisa amamodeli we-MTF, amamodeli we-SNR nama-armospheric ngokusobala. Abanye bafaka ubhiya - lambert atnuation (njengoba ku J - Movie/T - wahlangana amamodeli (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson)) noma ama-clutter metric. Abanye bathatha imibundu enzima ngombono wokutholwa kwezibalo (e.g. Kusetshenziswa ama-curve asebenzayo). Noma kunjalo, imigomo kaJohnson ihlala ingumqondo wesisekelo futhi i-Quick Okokuqala - Umhlahlandlela we-Order ku-Thermal imaging range.

Ngokufigqiwe, Imigomo kaJohnson ixhumanisa ukulungiswa kwendawo yendawo ye-in sen insiza emisebenzini engokoqobo yokubona ithagethi. Ngokubonisa ukutholwa, ukuqashelwa, kanye nokukhonjwa ngokomugqa we- "Lineiarll on Target," Inikeza onjiniyela indlela eqondile yokubala ukuthi ikhamera enikeziwe ingenza kanjani umsebenzi ngamunye ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele). Ngenkathi umuntu kufanele aphendule ngokweqiniso - Izici zomhlaba kunoma yimuphi umklamo onemininingwane, izindlela zikaJohnson zisakhungathekise kakhulu ukucaciswa kwekhamera ye-Thermal kanye nokulinganisa ukusebenza namuhla (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson).

Imithombo: Izincazelo ezibalulekile namanani avela emsebenzini wokuqala kaJohnson (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) kanye nezifingqo ezincwadini (Izindlela zikaJohnson - Wikipedia) (Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?). Ukubalwa kobubanzi bokutholwa kulandela amafomula we-lens - amafomula welensi ekuhlaziyweni kokucabanga (Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokucabanga okuyisisekelo kwezimoto ezizimele). Imiphumela yezemvelo kanye ne-clutter ibhaliwe kulandelwa - UP UP (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson) (Umlando kanye nokuvela kwenqubo ye-Johnson). Izibonelo ezisebenzayo nokucatshangwa zivela kubakhiqizi kanye nemibiko yezobuchwepheshe (Yini i-DRI, futhi isuselwa kuphi ukubalwa?).