Shuruudaha Johnson ee ku saabsan ogaanshaha sawirka iyo aqoonsiga

Asalka taariikhiga ah: Dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, John W. Johnson ee Ciidanka U.S. wuxuu sameeyay tijaabooyin muuqaal ah oo habeenkii ahShuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia). Waraaqdiisii ??1958 "Falanqaynta nidaamyada qaabeynta sawirka", Johnson wuxuu soo sheegay xadka safiirka (sadarka lammaane ee bartilmaameedka ah) looga baahan yahay hawlo kala duwan (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia). Tan waxaa loo yaqaan sidii Shuruudaha Johnson. Waxay u oggolaatay qaabeynta dareenka ah iyadoo loo oggolaanayo injineerada in ay saadaaliyaan inta bartilmaameedka la arki karo, loo aqoonsan karo, ama lagu aqoonsaday xaaladaha la siinayo (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia). Adeegsiga shuruudahan, moodooyin badan oo saadaalin ah ayaa markii dambe la horumariyay si ay ugu qiimeeyaan waxqabadka dareemeyaasha hoostooda xaaladaha hawlgalka kaladuwan (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

Ogaanshaha, aqoonsiga, iyo howlaha aqoonsiga (Dri)

Shuruudaha Johnson wuxuu qeexayaa saddex hoose Hawlaha muuqaalka ah:

• Ogaanshaha: Kormeeraha ayaa si fudud u ogeysiinaya in shay uu jiro. (Heerkan, mid ayaa arki kara "blob" ama isbedel goobta.) Johnson wuxuu ogaadey in la ogaado 1.0 ± 0.25 lammaane bartilmaameedka oo dhan (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Aqoonsiga: Goobjoogaha ayaa u sheegi kara nooca shayga guud (tusaale ahaan, kala sooca qof ka socda gaari). Tani waxay u baahan tahay faahfaahin dheeraad ah - Asal ahaan ku saabsan 4.0 ± 0.8 Laydhka (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Aqoonsiga: Goobjoogaha ayaa tilmaami kara shayga gaarka ah (tusaale ahaan moodal gaar ah ama qof gaar ah). Tani waa hawsha ugu adag, ee looga baahan yahay 6.4 ± 1.5 lammaane (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

(Johnson wuxuu kaloo xusay tillaabo dhexdhexaad ah "hanuuninta"Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia), laakiin wadahadalada casriga ah ayaa inta badan diirada saaraya howlaha DRI.Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia). Sharaxaadda sawirka ee casriga ah, xadkaan ayaa inta badan lagu soo koobay 1, 3, iyo 6 wareegyada In 50% itimaalka ah ee qabashada hawsha (Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?).

(Nin xor ah nin silhouette farshaxan vector - Download 17,246+ nin oo ah astaamo nin oo ah astaamo & sawiro - Pixaby) Jaantus: Bartilmaameedka aadanaha ee aadanaha ee hoos imanaya kormeerka. Ag FARSAMADA FARSAMADA, bartilmaameedka kaliya wuxuu soo saaraa silhouette madow (oo ku filan ogaanshaha); Sida xalka (ama u dhawaanshadu) kordho, wajiga iyo dharka ayaa soo ifbaxaya, karti u yeelo aqoonsiga iyo ugu dambeyn aqoonsi buuxda. Shuruudaha Johnson wuxuu caddeeyaa inta xargaha faahfaahin ee faahfaahin ee loo baahan yahay marxalad kasta (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?).

Shuruudaha Johnson (Xirmooyinka Xallinta)

Shuruudaha asalka ah ee Johnson waxaa inta badan lagu soo koobayaa sida soo socota 50% heerka guusha ee hawl kasta (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia):

• Ogaanshaha (jiritaanka shay): ~ 1.0 lammaane xariijin ah oo bartilmaameedka ah (50% itimaalka) (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Aqoonsiga (nooca shayga): ~ 4.0 lammaane lammaane oo bartilmaameedka ah (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Aqoonsiga (shay gaar ah): ~ 6.4 lammaane xariiqda bartilmaameedka (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).

These values assume high target-background contrast and an ideal observer. (Each line pair equals two sensor pixels, so e.g. 1.0 line pair ≈ 2 pixels across the target width (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia).Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?). Tusaale ahaan, hanashada NATO waxay isticmaashaa qiyaastii 1 wareeg oo lagu ogaanayo, 3 aqoonsi, iyo 6 aqoonsi (Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?). (Ciidanka U.S. Cusboonaysiinta Ciidanka Helid Shuruudo xitaa isticmaal 0.75, 1.5, 3, iyo 6 wareegyo lagu ogaado, kala-sooc, aqoonsashada, cadeeyo hawlo la safeeyey (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).)

Shuruudaha Johnson waxaa badanaa lagu muujiyaa macmaasulo ahaan: la siiyay N Wareegyada Bartilmaameedka, waxaa jira itimaalka u dhigma ee si sax ah u qabashada hawl kasta (badiyaa Sigmoid - sida, oo leh 50% xadka xargaha ee la soo xiray). Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa "qaanuunka suulka" ee la xiriira xallinta loo baahan yahay hawsha.

Sarkaal xisaabeed (qaraar iyo xallin)

-Ga / -da Tirada wareegga xalka ah Bartilmaameedka oo dhan waxay kuxirantahay cabirka bartilmaameedka, tirada, indhaha fekoonka, iyo cabirka pixel. Loogu talagalay pinhole fudud ama moodel lens khafiif ah (yar - qiyaasta xagasha), hal raadso (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan):

halkee n waa tirada wareegga bartilmaameedka bartilmaameedka, h_o waa cabirka bartilmaameedka bartilmaameedka (m), f waa dhererka lenska focal (unugyo isku mid ah oo ah pixel garoonka), p waa garoonka pixel (masaafada u dhaxaysa xarumaha pixel), iyo R waa baaxadda bartilmaameedka. Qaaciddadani waxay qabsataa saameynta dareenka ah: bartilmaameed weyn (ama dherer heer sare ah) ayaa kordhaya n, halka pixel weyn ama dheecaan dheer oo hoos u dhaca n (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan). Haddii N Wareegyada ayaa loo baahan yahay (laga bilaabo miiska Johnson) ee hawl gaar ah, the Qaybaha ogaanshaha waa la xallin karaa sida

Tusaale ahaan, labanlaab, in labanlaabmay cabirka bartilmaameedka ama dhererka focal waxay labanlaabmaysaa tirada ogaanshaha ee go'an N (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan). Sidoo kale, kala-goynta garoonka Pixel (I.E. Xalka dareeraha sareeya) ayaa labalaabaya tirada. Qaaciddadaas waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa dhibcaha kaamarada kuleylka ah

Waxyaabaha saameeya tirada ogaanshaha

Qaaciddada fudud ee kore ee ka sarreysa waxay qaadataa isbarbardhiga qumman iyo xaalado cad. Ficil ahaan, qodobo badan ayaa saameyn ku leh ogaanshaha iyo tirinta:

• Bartilmaameedka iyo isbarbardhiga: Larger (taller or wider) targets are visible at greater distances; similarly, a target with higher infrared contrast (e.g. hotter vs cooler than background) is easier to detect. For thermal cameras, a common assumption is a ∼2°C temperature difference from background for reliable detection. Smaller or low-contrast targets require more cycles (thus closer ranges).

• Xallinta Guud & Offics: Sida la tilmaamay, pixels filinka (ka yar p) iyo dhererka focal dheer f Kordhinta tirada. Sidoo kale, isbedelka is-beddelka dareenka ah (MTF) iyo tayada indhaha ayaa saameyn ku leh sida ugu fiican si fiican loo wareejiyo. Erayada Johnson, Optics-ka wanaagsan (MTF-ga sare) si wax ku ool ah u yareeya wareegga loo baahan yahay ee hawl la siiyay (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan).

• Xaaladaha jawiga leh: Athophers Real Mophers Calaamadaha la garta badan. Saamaynta roobka, ceeryaamo, ama boodhku waxay si cad u yarayn karaan kala-duwan. Moodooyinka fudud ayaa adeegsada sharciga biirka (f_t = exp (- r / l_r)) in la soo koobo isu-gudbinta mowduuca (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). Daraasadaha boqortooyada ayaa muujinaya ceeryaamo iyo cimilo culus oo aad u hooseeya itinka ogaanshaha hoose, xitaa IR (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). ARERMALR IR waxay la il daran tahay uumiga biyuhu inuu yahay iftiin muuqata, laakiin cimilo xun ayaa wali ka soo gaabinaysa meel aad u badan (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson) (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).

• Soosaarka asalka: Asalka sare - Dibad-baxsad ayaa si adag u ogaatay ogaanshaha. Tijaabooyinku waxay muujinayaan in "muujinta hoose" Xirmooyinka Johnson waxay noqon karaan kuwa ka yar ~ 0.5 wareegga si loo ogaado sida ugu hooseeya, laakiin "muujinta sare" ee ka badan 2.5 wareegga wareegga ayaa loo baahan karaa 50%Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). Ficil ahaan, calofled ama muuqaal muuqaal ah oo isku dhafan ayaa badanaa u baahan bartilmaameed isbarbardhiga ama xalka si fiican uga sarreeya Johnson's The ugu yaraan.

• Signal - to - Sawirka dhawaqa (SNR) iyo dhawaqa dareeraha: Qalabka qalabka kuleylka kuleylka ah ayaa leh buuq (netd) iyo xaddiga firfircoon ee xaddidan. Saxiixa kuleylka daciifka ah ama dhawaqa dareeraha sare wuxuu si hufan u kiciyaa wareegga loo baahnaa. Daraasadaha ayaa adkeeyay in Falalka SNR ee hooseeya sida Blar: Waxay nashataa tayada muuqaalka muuqaalka iyo yareynta tirada wax ku oolka ah (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).

Si wada jir ah, qodobadan ayaa ka dhigan in shuruudaha Johnson uu siinayo inta udgoon. Wixii xisaabinta wax ku oolka ah waa inay kujirtaa maleega hawada, barbaarinta bartilmaameedka, dhawaqa dareeraha, iwm. Guud ahaan, isleeg dhab ah ayaa ku dhufata qaaciddada fudud ee aragtida ama ereyga gudbinta si loogu xisaabtamo jawiga.

Tusaalaha Xisaabinta

Adeegsiga qaaciidooyinka kor ku xusan, mid ayaa qiyaasaya D / R / I oo u dhexeysa kamarad la siiyay iyo bartilmaameed. Tusaale ahaan:

• Tusaale: Qofka dheer ee 2m (h_o = 2m) oo uu ku sawiray kamaradda kuleylka leh f = 50mm iyo pixel garoonka p = 20μm (= 0.02mm). Adoo adeegsanaya Johnson's 1 - Qaybaha wareegga ee loo ogaado,

  $$R _ {\ rm}} = \ frac {2 \, qoraalka} ~ \ jeer 50 \, \, \, \, \, \, \ \} {qiyaastii \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ qoraalka}.$$

  For recognition (≈3 cycles) and identification (≈6 cycles), the ranges become ≈833?m and ≈417?m respectively (since $R\propto1/N$).

• Soo-saaraha Tusaalaha: Xusuus-qorka Leonardo DRS wuxuu siiyaa bartilmaameed aadanaha (cabirkiisu muhiim yahay ~ 0.95m) iyo kamarad leh 17μm pixels iyo dherer heersare ah. 3 - Hawlgalka Aqoonsiga baaskiilka, waxay xisaabinayaan tiro 50% ah oo ah qiyaastii 157m. (Oo leh tiro isku mid ah, qaaciddadayadu waxay soo saaraan $ R \ qiyaastii (0.95 \ jeer 16.75) / (2 \ jeer 12.017 \ jeer) \ qiyaastii waa \ qiyaastii

• Qiimaha caadiga ah: Xaaladaha ku habboon (isbarbardhiga wanaagsan, hawada cad), qaanuunka Johnson - of - oo ah - Sahaminta suulka ah ee saadaalinta aadanaha si ay u ammadaan dhawr kiiloomitir. Tusaale ahaan, hal ilo ah oo ah hal ilo ah ~ 2000m ogaal, ~ ~ 667m aqoonsi, iyo ~ 333m aqoonsi oo loogu talagalay 1.8m (qof)Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?).

Tusaalooyinkan ayaa muujinaya sida shuruudaha Johnson si toos ah loogu dabaqi karo xisaabta fudud. Dhex-dhexaadka dhabta ah ee ku jira waxqabadka ayaa badanaa hoos udhaca sababa la xiriira sababaha kor lagu soo sheegay.

Codsiyada

Shuruudaha Johnson waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa qaabeynta iyo qiimeynta Nidaamyada sawirka kuleylka guud ahaan beerooyin badan:

• Militariga iyo difaaca: XUQUUQDAADA HADALKA - TILMAAMAHA SUNE - TIRADAHA FARSAMADA, HALKAN HOOSE, iyo ilaalada ayaa badanaa liita liiska D / R / R / I oo ku saleysan shuruudaha Johnson '(Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia). Qaadashada bartilmaameedka iyo aqoonsiga (saaxiib vs veve) habeenkii ayaa ku tiirsan qiyaasahaas. Buug-gacmeedyo badan iyo dukumiintiyada wax soo iibsiga ee tixraacaya 1 - 3 - 6 Xeerka Xeerka -

• Goobid iyo badbaadin / Amni: Kaamirooyinka kuleylka ama gawaarida kuleylka ah ee lagu dhejiyay ee loo isticmaalo in lagu helo dadka lumay, ama la socoto baarayaal, sidoo kale waxay adeegsadaan cabirka DRI. Tusaale ahaan, kooxaha samatabbixinta ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan kamarad ka helid Aadanaha 1km iyo aqoonsad 400m. Shuruudaha Johnson waxay siisaa gundhig u ah faahfaahinta noocaas ah.

• Ilaalinta iyo fulinta sharciga: Xaddiga xadka, kormeerka duurjoogta, iyo nidaamyada ogaanshaha gelitaanka ayaa u adeegsada shuruudahan si ay u saadaaliyaan sida ka fog dareenka dareenka uu ka qaadi karo qof ama gaari habeenkii. (Qaar ka mid ah heerarka qaar ka mid ah howlaha Johnson; E.G. NATO waxay u isticmaashaa D, R, waxaan u kala bixinayaa sawirada sawirka.)

Xaalad kasta, shuruuda Johnson waxay ka caawineysaa tarjumida cabirrada dareemayaasha (qaraarka, indhaha, cabirka pixel) si loo ogaado ama lagu garto bartilmaameedka caadiga ah).

Xaddidnaanta iyo laqabsashada casriga ah

In kasta oo ay waxtarradeeda, shuruudaha Johnson uu muhiim u yahay xadidaadaha. Waa nooc ka mid ah taranka, qaab-macquulsan oo ka tagay dad badan oo dhab ah - saamaynta adduunka:

• Xaaladaha Fudud: Waxay u qaadataa asal labis, bartilmaameedyo bartilmaameed ah, iyo ceel - goobjooge looshaqeeyey. Kuma hadlayo isku-darka ama camalka. Ficil ahaan, bartilmaameed ka dhan ah asalka adag wuxuu u baahan karaa qaraar ka badan qiimeynta magaca magacaabista Johnson (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).

• Waxay iska indhatireysaa saameynta deegaanka: Shuruudda asalka ah kuma jiraan cimilada ama jawiga jawiga. Daraasadaha ayaa adkeeyay taas Moodeel fudud Si buuxda u qabsada ceeryaamo, roob, iyo saamaynta cabka (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson) (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). Nidaamyada casriga ah badiyaa waxay ku dhufanayaan ereyga gudbinta jawiga ama adeegsiga moodallo muuqaal ah.

• Arimaha Aadanaha: Shaqadii Johnson wuxuu adeegsaday dhowr goobjoogayaal tababaran oo la tababaray xaalado la xakameeyay; Waxay iska indhatireysaa kala duwanaanshaha tababarka kormeerka, dareenka, daalka, iwm. Waxaa jiri kara farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya shakhsiyaadka itinka ogaanshaha dhabta ah (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).

• Calaamadaha iyo socodsiinta: Moodeelka wuxuu ula dhaqmaa muuqaalka sida haddii ay xaddidan tahay kaliya joomatari (pixels iyo optics). Ma ku daraan dhawaqa dareeraha (netd), kala duwanaanshaha firfircoon, ama kor u qaadista sawirka. Wax kasta oo dusha sare ah ama algorithms-ka fiidiyowga ah waxay horumarin karaan xalka wax ku oolka ah, taasoo la micno ah in kaamirooyinka dhabta ahi inta badan ay ka baxaan xadka care Johnson ee qaawan.

• Awoodda itimaalka: Shuruudda waxaa lagu qeexaa ~ itimaalka 50%. Iyagu ma sharraxaan sida waxtarka lagu hagaajiyo xalka ka baxsan xadka ka baxsan, mana qabato wax been ah - heerarka alaarmiga digniinta ama gogosha roc.

Sababtaas awgeed awgeed, moodooyinka waxqabadka casriga ah ee casriga ah ayaa kordhiyay qaabka Johnson. Tusaale ahaan, Ciidanka U.S. Helid Qaabka habka ayaa hagaajinaya shuruudaha wareegga (0.75 wareegga si loo ogaado, iwm.) Ku saleysan baaritaanka ballaaran (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). Qalabyo badan oo falanqayn ah ayaa hadda isku dhafan MTF, SNR iyo moodallada jawiga si cad. Qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah biir - yareynta Lambert (sida gudaha J - Filim/T - la kulmay Moodooyinka (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson)) ama caadada isbadalka. Kuwa kale waxay ku beddelaan xadka adag ee leh aragtida ogaanshaha tirakoobka (tusaale) iyagoo adeegsanaya qalooca aqoonta ee ka shaqeeya ee ka shaqeeya). Si kastaba ha noqotee, shuruuda Johnson ee shuruudaha Johnson ayaa weli ah fikrad aasaaska ah iyo si dhakhso ah ugu horrayn - hagida amarrada ee tirada sawirka heerkulka.

Soo Koobid, Shuruudaha Johnson ee shuruudaha Johnson waxay kuxirantahay qaraarka ku saabsan dareeraha xad-gudubka si xun u ah howlaha ficil ee lagu arko bartilmaameed. Adoo muujinaya ogaanshaha, aqoonsiga, iyo aqoonsiga marka loo eego "lammaane lammaane ee bartilmaameedka," waxay bixisaa injineer si toos ah si ay u xisaabiso inta kamarad ah oo ka mid ah kamarad kasta oo ku habboon xaaladaha ku habboon (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan). In kasta oo ay tahay in ay tahay in ay tahay in la tixgaliyo Real - Waxyaabaha World Fort ee naqshad kasta oo faahfaahsan, shuruudaha Johnson ayaa wali kahadlaya inta badan faahfaahinta kamaradda kuleylka ah iyo qiyaasaha waxqabadka maanta (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson).

Ilaha: Qeexitaannada iyo qiimayaasha ugu muhiimsan waxay ka yimaadeen shaqada asalka ah ee Johnson (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) iyo soo koobid suugaanta (Shuruudaha Johnson - Wikipedia) (Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?). Xisaabinta kala-duwan ee ogaanshaha ayaa raacaya qaaciidda khafiifka ah - qaaciidooyinka muraayadaha indhaha ee falanqaynta sawirka (Falanqaynta Nidaamka Sawirka ee asaasiga ah ee loogu talagalay gawaarida is-madaxbannaan). Dhibaatooyinka deegaanka iyo isku-dhafka ah waxaa lagu diiwaangeliyaa in la raaco - daraasadaha kor u kaca ah (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson) (Taariikhda iyo isbedelka shuruudaha Johnson). Tusaalooyin la taaban karo iyo mala awaal ayaa ka yimaada soosaarayaasha iyo warbixinno farsamo (Waa maxay Dri, oo muxuu ku saleysan yahay xisaabinta?).