Mfundo za Johnson za kupezeka kwa mafuta ndi kuzindikira

Mbiri Yakale: Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, John W. Johnson a Gulu Lankhondo U.S.Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia). M'pepala lake la 1958 "Kusanthula kwa Njira Zopanga Zithunzi", Johnson adanenanso zamiyeso yolowera (mogwirizana ndi mzere pa chandamale) chofunikira pantchito zosiyanasiyana (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia). Izi zidadziwika kuti Zovuta za Johnson. Idasinthiratu kapangidwe kake ndi kulola mainjiniya kulosera za chandamale kutali, kuzindikiridwa, kapena kuzindikirika pansi pa mikhalidwe (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia). Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, mitundu yambiri yolosera idapangidwa kuti ikhale yopanga magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

Kudziwika, kuzindikira, ndikuzindikiritsa (DRI) ntchito

Mfundo za Johnson zimatanthauzira magawo atatu oyambira Ntchito Zowoneka:

• Kuzindikira: Wowonayo amangoona kuti chinthu chilipo. (Pamlingo uno, munthu akhoza kuwona "Blob" kapena kusintha komwe akuwonekera.) Johnson adapeza kuti akuwona kuti 1.0 ± 0,25 mzere awiriawiri kudutsa chandamale (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kuzindikira: Wowonayo amatha kuuza mtundu wa chinthu (mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa munthu ndi galimoto). Izi zimafunikira mwatsatanetsatane - choyambirira 4.0 ± 0,8 mzere awiriawiri (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Chizindikiritso: Wowonayo amatha kudziwa chinthucho (E.g. mtundu wagalimoto kapena munthu wina). Ichi ndiye ntchito yovuta kwambiri, yofunikira 6.4 ± 1.5 (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

(Johnson adawonanso gawo lakutsogolo "Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia)Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia). Pazomwe zimangoganiza zamagetsi, zotsalazo nthawi zambiri zimazunguliridwa 1, 3, ndi 6 Kwa 50% mwayi wogwira ntchitoyo (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?).

(Art of Free Silhoutette Vector - Tsitsani zifaniziro 17,246+ ya Alhouette & Zithunzi - Pixabay) Chithunzi: Lamba - chojambulidwa chowonekera. Pa Mitundu yapafupi, chandamalecho chimangotulutsa silhouette (chokwanira); monga lingaliro (kapena kuyandikira) Kuchuluka kwake, nkhope ndi zovala ndi zovala zimatuluka, zomwe zimamuthandiza kudziwa ndipo pamapeto pake pamapeto pake chizindikiritso chathunthu. Mfundo za Johnson zimapanga mitundu ingapo ya mitundu ingapo yazinthu zomwe zimafunikira pagawo lililonse (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?).

Mfundo za Johnson

Mfundo zoyambirira za Johnson nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa mwachidziwikire kuti zikuchitika mwachangu kwa 50% ya ntchito iliyonse (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia):

• Kudziwika (kupezeka kwa chinthu): ~ 1.0 mzere pa chandamale (50%) (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kuzindikira (gulu la chinthu): ~ 4.0 mzere awiri pa chandamale (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Chizindikiritso (chinthu china): ~ 6.4 mzere awiri pa chandamale (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).

These values assume high target-background contrast and an ideal observer. (Each line pair equals two sensor pixels, so e.g. 1.0 line pair ≈ 2 pixels across the target width (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia).) Makina ambiri a Cini osavuta "Dri" manambala 1 - 3 - 6.Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?). Mwachitsanzo, Ndondomeko ya Natime imagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yodziwira, 3 kuti azindikire, ndi 6 kuti azindikire (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?). (The U.S. Peza njira ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito 0,75, 1.5, 3, ndi 6, ndi 6, ndi 6, ndi malo okhudzana, azindikiritsa, kuzindikira, kuzindikira, kuwonetsa ntchito zoyenga zoyengerera (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).)

Mfundo za Johnson nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa bwino: zoperekedwa N Zoyenda pa chandamale, pali kuthekera kofanana ndi ntchito iliyonse (nthawi zambiri sigmoid - monga, ndi 50% pa otchinga yolembedwa). Komabe, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati "lamulo la chala" chokhudzana ndi ntchito yofunika pantchitoyo.

Masamu (Malingaliro ndi Kusiyanasiyana)

A Chiwerengero cha mizere yothekera Kudutsa chandamale kumadalira kukula kwa chandamale, mitundu, sensor optics, ndi kukula kwa pixel. Kwa chimbudzi chosavuta kapena chowonda tating'ono (chaching'ono - Kufanizira kwa Angle), imodzi imapezeka (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera):

kumene n Kodi kuchuluka kwa kuzungulira pa chandamale, h_O Kodi kukula kwa chandamale (m), f Kodi kutalika kwa mandala (mayunitsi ofanana ndi pixel phula), p ndi pixel phula (mtunda pakati pa malo pixel), ndipo R ndi gawo landamale. Njirayi imagwira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi: chandamale chachikulu (kapena kutalika kwakutali) kumachuluka n, pomwe pixel yayikulu kapena yayitali imachepa n (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera). Ngati N Zombo zimafunikira (kuchokera pagome la Johnson) kuti mupeze ntchito inayake, Kuzindikira ikhoza kusinthidwa

Mwachitsanzo, akukayikira kukula kwa chandamale kapena kutalika kwakutali kwambiri N (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera). Mofananamo, kuchepetsedwa pixel Pitch (i.e. Njira izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mamera a mafuta a mafuta - ma sheets kuti awerenge D / R / ndimapanga pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino.

Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kuzindikira

Njira yosavuta yophweka pamwambapa imamveka bwino komanso mikhalidwe yomveka bwino. Pochita, zinthu zambiri zimapangitsa kudziwika ndi mitundu yodziwika:

• Kukula ndi kulekanitsa: Larger (taller or wider) targets are visible at greater distances; similarly, a target with higher infrared contrast (e.g. hotter vs cooler than background) is easier to detect. For thermal cameras, a common assumption is a ∼2°C temperature difference from background for reliable detection. Smaller or low-contrast targets require more cycles (thus closer ranges).

• Selor Reference & Optics: Monga tafotokozera, ma pixel omaliza (ocheperako p) Kutali kwambiri f kuchuluka. Komanso, kusinthasintha kwa kusintha kwa seweroli (MTF) ndi mawonekedwe akomwe amakhudzanso momwe amasamutsidwira. M'mawu a Johnson, optpodiko abwino (okwera MTF) amachepetsa ma cycles ofunikira kuti agwire ntchito (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera).

• Mikhalidwe ya Mlengalenga: Mlengalenga weniweni umaganizira zizindikiro zophatikizika. Zotsatira za mvula, chifunga, kapena fumbi limatha kuchepetsa zingapo. Mitundu yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la mowa (f_t = exp (- r / l_r)) Kupanga kufalikira ku Soullength (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). Kafukufuku wotchuka amawonetsa chifunga ndi nyengo yolemetsa imatha kuwunika kwambiri, ngakhale mu IR (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). Thermal ir imavutika ndi nthunzi yamadzi kuposa kuwala kowoneka, koma nyengo yovuta ikadali mafashoni (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson) (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).

• ZOTHANDIZA ZOSAVUTA: Okwera - maziko a clittor amapeputsa zovuta. Zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti "zotsika zotsika" za ~ 0,5 zowunikira, koma "clutter yapamwamba" zopitilira 2.5 zimatha kupezeka pa 50% (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). M'malo mwake, mbiri yovuta kapena yowoneka bwino nthawi zambiri imafuna kusiyanitsa kapena kusinthana bwino.

• Sign - to - Puise Ratio (SNR) ndi sensor noise: Zojambula zamafuta zimakhala ndi phokoso (net) ndi mitundu yochepa yamphamvu. Siginecha yofowoka kapena phokoso lalitali la senter limakweza mawonekedwe ofunikira. Kafukufuku amagogomezera kuti SNR yomwe imachitika ngati Blur: imasiyira mtundu wa mawonekedwe ndikuchepetsa kusintha kwamphamvu (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).

Pamodzi, zinthu izi zikutanthauza njira za johnson zimapereka magawo ambiri. Kuwerengera kulikonse kuyenera kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa malo amlengalenga, kulinganiza phokoso, etc. Day Mwambiri, kuyerekezera koyenera kosiyanasiyana kumachulukitsa njira yosavuta yowonekera kapena kufalitsa kwa malo a mlengalenga.

Zowerengera

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zili pamwambapa, imodzi imatha kuwerengetsa D / R / ndimapanga kamera yopatsidwa ndi chandamale. Mwachitsanzo:

• Chitsanzo: Munthu wamtali wa 2m (h_O = 2m) kuganiziridwa ndi kamera yamafuta ndi f = 50mm ndi pixel phula p = 20μm (= 0.02mm). Kugwiritsa ntchito Johnson's 1 - cholowera kuzungulira,

  $$R _ {\ rm det} = \, \ \ \ \ \ \ \, \ \, pafupifupi 1 {pafupifupi 2500 \ \ \ \$$

  For recognition (≈3 cycles) and identification (≈6 cycles), the ranges become ≈833?m and ≈417?m respectively (since $R\propto1/N$).

• Kupanga Chitsanzo: Chidziwitso cha Leonardo Drs chimapereka chandamale cha anthu (chovuta ~ 0.95m) ndi kamera ndi 17μm pixel ndi 16.75m. Kwa 3 - ntchito yodziwiratu, amawerengera gawo la 50% pafupifupi 157m. .

• Mfundo Zoyenera: M'malo abwino (chosiyanitsa, mpweya wowoneka bwino), ulamuliro wa Johnson - of - Thumba latulo limaneneratu za munthu pa dongosolo la makilomita angapo. Mwachitsanzo, gwero limodzi limatchulanso chizindikiritso, ~ 667m kuzindikira, ndi ~ 333m munthu wa 1.8m (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?).

Zitsanzozi zikuwonetsa momwe Johnson amagwiritsidwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi zosavuta. Magawo enieni omwe amachitika nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika chifukwa cha zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.

Mapulogalamu

Mfundo za Johnson zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndi kuwunika Makina oyerekeza Pamagawo ambiri:

• Asitikali ndi chitetezo: Makina a Syror usiku - Zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino, komanso kuwunika nthawi zambiri kumakhala mndandandaNjira Za Johnson - Wikipedia). Kupeza ndalama ndi kuzindikira (bwenzi vs foe) usiku kudangodalira izi. Zolemba zambiri zamunda komanso zolemba zogulira 1 - 3 - 6 Lamulo - la - chala cha chida - Okhazikika akuwoneka.

• Sakani ndi kupulumutsa / chitetezo: Makamera ojambulidwa kapena oyikidwa majermal omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza anthu otayika, kapena kuwunika mwaluso, amagwiritsanso ntchito ma metric. Mwachitsanzo, magulu opulumutsa angafunikire kamera yomwe ingathe fufuza munthu pa 1km ndi zindikira nthawi ya 400m. Mfundo za Johnson zimapereka maziko oyambira.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo: Border Patrol, kuwunikira zamtchire, ndipo makina owoneka bwino amagwiritsa ntchito njirazi kulosera za sensor yomwe ingatenge munthu kapena galimoto usiku. )

Mulimonsemo, monga njira za Johnson zimathandizira kumasulira magawo (mayankho, optics, kukula kwa pixel) kukhala metric metric (kuchuluka kuti azindikire kapena kuzindikira chandamale).

Zoperewera komanso kusintha kwamakono

Ngakhale kuti njira yake yothandiza, a Johnson ali ndi zofunika kuchepetsa malire. Ndiwo mtundu wopatsa chidwi, woyenera womwe sukupereka mitundu yambiri -

• Zosavuta: Imagwira ntchito yunifolomu, cholinga chake chokwanira, ndipo chitsime - wowonerera wopenyerera. Sizimawerengera kapena kubisa. Pochita, chandamale chotsutsana ndi zovuta zake zingafune kusintha kwa zinthu zambiri kuposa mfundo za Johnson (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).

• Kunyalanyaza zotsatira za chilengedwe: Njira zoyambirira siziphatikiza nyengo kapena malo osamala. Kafukufuku amagogomezera kuti palibe chitsanzo chosavuta gwiranani ndi chifunga, mvula, ndi utsi wa utsi (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson) (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). Makina amakono nthawi zambiri amachulukitsa ndi kufalitsa kwa malo amlengalenga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yovuta.

• Zinthu Zaumunthu: Ntchito ya Johnson inagwiritsa ntchito owonerera ochepa ophunzitsidwa bwino; Imanyalanyaza zosintha zomwe akuwona, chidwi, kutopa, etc. Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi weniweni (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).

• Signal ndi kukonza: Mtunduwo umachita chithunzichi ngati kuti ndi okhawo okha. Pixel ndi optics). Sizimaphatikizira phokoso la solor (net), zolimbitsa thupi, kapena mawonekedwe owonjezera. Algorithm iliyonse yolefulira kapena yavidiyo imatha kusintha njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti makamera enieni a Johnson.

• Kuthekera Kwake: Njira zimafotokozeredwa kwa ~ 50%. Samafotokoza momwe magwiridwe ali ndi mwayi wopitilira kupitirira, kapena salanda zabodza - ma alarm kapena ma curve.

Chifukwa cha mipata iyi, mitundu yamakono yogwiritsira ntchito magwiridwe antchito a Johnson. Mwachitsanzo, U.S. Peza Njira imasinthanitsa ndi zomwe zimachitika (0.75 kuzungulira, etc.) kutengera kuyesa kwakukulu (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). Zida zambiri zowunikira tsopano zimaphatikizira MTF, SNR ndi Mlengalenga momveka bwino. Ena amaphatikizapo Beer - a Lambert Openten (monga - Kanema/T - Zakwaniritsidwa mitundu (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson)) kapena ma metric. Ena amasintha mabulosi olimba ndi malingaliro owerengera (E.g. pogwiritsa ntchito olandila ma curve). Njira zambiri, a Johnson amakhalabe lingaliro loyambira komanso lotsogolera mwachangu.

Powombetsa mkota, Johnson Mwa kuthokoza, kuzindikira, ndi kuzindikiritsa pakati pa "mizere awiri pa chandamale," imapereka mainjiniya wowongoka kuti awerenge momwe kamera yomwe ingagwiritsire ntchitoNjira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera). Ngakhale kuti imodzi iyenera kukhala yoona - Zinthu Zadziko Lonse Popanga mwatsatanetsatane, johnnNjira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson).

Magwero: Matanthauzidwe ofunikira ndi mfundo zochokera ku ntchito yoyambirira ya Johnson (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) ndi chidule m'mabuku (Njira Za Johnson - Wikipedia) (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?). Kuwerengera kwazowona kumatsata njira zopyapyala - malembedwe a mandala pofufuza (Kusanthula Kofunika Kosanthula kwa Magalimoto Omenyera Magalimoto Oyera). Zotsatira zachilengedwe komanso zosintha zimalembedwa motsatira - MPHUNZITSI (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson) (Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko Chachilengedwe cha Johnson). Zitsanzo Zothandiza Zimachokera kwa Opanga ndi Malipoti Auluso (Kodi Dri ndi chiyani, ndipo chimachokera kuti kuwerengera?).