?O nā loina o Johnson no ka nānā?ana i ka nānā?ana a me ka ho?omaopopo?ana

Kaialohanee: I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, John W. Johnson of the U.S. Stivering Picial Photos I PrinceNā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia). I kāna pepa 1958 "Ka nānā?ana i nā ki?i pa?i ki?i", Ua hō?ike?o Johnson i nā paepae empiricalNā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia). Ua kaulana loa kēia Nā Kūlana?o Johnson. ^. Ua hō?ike?ia ka ho?olālā?ana i ka sensor ma ka?ae?ana i nā mea?enehana e wānana i ka?ike?ana i kahi mea i?ike?ia,?ike?ia ma lalo o nā kūlana i hā?awi?ia (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia). Ke ho?ohana nei i kēia mau koina, he nui nā hi?ohi?ona wānana he nui i kūkulu?ia ma ka hana sensor ma lalo o nā kūlana hana like?ole (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

?O ka?ike,?ike, a me ka?ike (dri) mau hana

?O nā loiloi o Johnson e wehewehe i?ekolu mau kumu nui Nā hana?ike:

• 'āpana: ?O ka mea nānā wale nō e?ike i kahi mea i kēia manawa. (Ma kēia pae,?ike wale?ia kekahi i kahi "blob" a loli paha i ke?ano.) Ua loa?a?o Johnson e?ike e pili ana 1.0 ± 0.25 laina laina laina ma waena o kahi pahuhopu (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Hō?ike: Hiki i ka mea nānā ke ha?i i ke?ano ma?amau o ke?ano (no ka la?ana, ho?oka?awale i kahi kanaka mai kahi ka?a). Koi kēia i nā kiko'ī hou aku - mua e pili ana 4.0 ± 0.8 laina pālua (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Ka?ike: Hiki i ka mea nānā ke ho?omaopopo i ka mea kiko'ī (e.g. He kumu ho?ohālike kūikawā a i?ole kekahi kanaka kūikawā). ?O kēia ka hana pa?akikī loa, e koi ana 6.4 ± 1.5 laina laina (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

(Ua ha?i aku?o Johnson i kahi "Orientation" Steentitation "ma luna o ~ 1.4 laina laina (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia)Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia). I nā kiko'ī no?ono?o hou?ana i kēia manawa, ua pau pinepine kēia mau papa 1, 3, a me 6 mau keke No 50% hiki ke hana i ka hana (He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?).

(?O ke Kakau Silhouette Free Freelelo Manuet Aoooo 17,246+ ManuE Tilhouettec icons & Style - Pilabay) Ki?i: He kanaka - Nā Kūlana Kūlana ma lalo o ka nānā?ana. A Palena Paena, ua hana wale ka pahuhopu i kahi silhouette?ele?ele (lawa no ka?ike); E like me ka ho?onā?ana (a i?ole ka ho?opi?i?ana) e ho?onui ai i nā hi?ohi?ona a me nā hi?ohi?ona a me nā hi?ohi?ona lole, hiki i ka?ike piha a me ka?ike piha. ?O nā loiloi o Johnson i ka nui o ka nui o nā laina o nā kiko'ī e pono ai nā kiko'ī e pono ai ma kēlā me kēia papa (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?).

Nā Kūlana?o Johnson (nā paepae ho?onā)

Ua hō?ulu?ulu pinepine?ia nā loina a Johnson i nā mea hou aku no kahi 50% kūle?a kūle?a o kēlā me kēia hana (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia):

• ?Ike (kahi mea i hele mai): ~ 1.0 laina laina ma ka pahuhopu (50% hopena) (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

• KA MEA (BRITS OFTERS): ~ 4.0 laina pālua ma ka pahuhopu (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Ka?ike (?ike kiko'ī): ~ 6.4 laina laina ma ka pahuhopu (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia).

These values assume high target-background contrast and an ideal observer. (Each line pair equals two sensor pixels, so e.g. 1.0 line pair ≈ 2 pixels across the target width (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia)He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?). No ka la?ana, ua ho?ohana pū kekahi alaka?i iā Nato GuidelineHe aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?). (?O ka hō?ano hou?o U.S. Loa?a ?O nā loiloi e ho?ohana i ka 0.75, 1.5, 3, a me 6 mau kāleka no ka?ike, e hō?ike, e hō?ike ana, e hō?ike ana i nā hana i ho?opa?a?ia (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).)

Ua hō?ike pinepine?ia?o Johnson's Scieria N nā mea pā?ani ma ka pahuhopu, aia he mea kūpono e pili ana i kēlā me kēia hana e hana pono ai Eia na?e,?o ia ka mea ma?amau ma?amau e like me ka "rula o ka thumb" e pili ana i nā ho?oholo e pili ana i ka hana.

Matematika kumu (resolution a me nā pae)

'ōlelo Ka helu o nā hana kūpono ma waena o kahi pahuhopu e pili ana i ka nui o ka helu o ka pahuhopu, rate, sensor canttics, a me ka pixel nui. No kahi PLANAL ma?alahi a i?ole ka lens lens ho?ololi?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous):

IA MEA n ?o ia ka helu o nā keke i ka pahuhopu, h_o ?O ka nui o ka hi?ohi?ona hi?ohi?ona (m), f ?o ia ka lens focal fecal (like nā'āpana like me ka pixel pitch), p ?o ia ka pikika pikika (mamao ma waena o nā hale kū?ai pikika), a R ?o ia ka pae i ka pahuhopu. Ua hopu?ia kēia formula i nā hopena intuitive: kahi ki?eki?e ki?eki?e (a i?ole ka lō?ihi o ka lō?ihi o ka lō?ihi) n,?oiai he pikika nui a i?ole ka lō?ihi o ka ho?oka?awale?ana n (?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous). Ina N koi?ia nā hana (mai ka papa?aina Johnson) no kahi hana, ka Hō?ike Uila hiki ke ho?oponopono?ia

No ka la?ana, e kānalua ka nui o ka pahuhopu a i?ole ka lō?ihi o ka focal N (?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous). Pēlā nō, e ho'ēmi i ka pikika pikika Ho?ohana pinepine?ia kēia mau?ano hana ma ke?ano o nā kāmela cammal - nā'āpana e koho i ka D / R / R / R / i kau i lalo o nā kūlana kūpono.

Nā mea nui e ho?opilikia ai i ka?ike?ike

?O ke?ano ma?alahi ma luna o nā mea e loa?a ai i nā mea e kū pono ai a me nā kūlana kūpono. I ka ho?oma?ama?a, he nui nā kumuwaiwai i ka?ike a me ka ho?omaopopo?ana:

• Ka nui a me ke kūlike: Larger (taller or wider) targets are visible at greater distances; similarly, a target with higher infrared contrast (e.g. hotter vs cooler than background) is easier to detect. For thermal cameras, a common assumption is a ∼2°C temperature difference from background for reliable detection. Smaller or low-contrast targets require more cycles (thus closer ranges).

• Ho?omaha i ka ho?onā?ana a me nā Optics: E like me ka hō?ike?ana, Finner Pixels (li?ili?i p) a me ka lō?ihi lō?ihi f ho?onui nui. Eia nō ho?i, ka ho?ololi?ana o ka sensor centers I nā hua'ōlelo a Johnson,?oi aku ka maika?i o nā optics?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous).

• Nā Kūlana Atmospheer: Nā hō?ailona maoli e pili ana i nā hō?ailona infrared. ?O nā hopena o ka ua, fog, a i?ole ka lepo e hō?emi i ka laulā. Ho?ohana ma?alahi nā hana ma?amau i ke kānāwai?o Beer (F_t = Exp (- R / l_r)) e ho?opili i ka ho?ouna?ana ma Wavelenging (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). ?O nā ha?awina empirical e hō?ike ana i ka fog a me ke kaumaha nui e hiki ai i ke?ano ha?aha?a ha?aha?a ha?aha?a ha?aha?a ha?aha?a ha?aha?a, ma IR (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). Ua emi iki?o Thermal ir i ka wai ma mua o ka wai ma mua o ka mālamalama, akā nā pōkole maika?i loaKa mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria) ((Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).

• Nā Kūlana Kūlana: He ki?eki?e -?O ke?ano o ke ki?i e hana?oi aku ka pa?akikī. Hō?ike nā ho?okolohua ma ka "Scout o nā Scout Cluster" Scenes Johnson's ScenethKa mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). I ka ho?oma?ama?a, kahi hana ho?okūkū a i?ole a pa?akikī paha e koi pinepine ai i ka ho?ohālikelike a i?ole ka ho?oholo?ana ma luna o Johnson ma luna o Johnson.

• Kākau - i - i - i ka ratio ratio (snir) a me ke kani leo: Ua ho'ōh(huán)o?o Tantmal Settings ?O kahi hō?ailona hō?ailona palupalu a i?ole ke kani?ana o ka leo nui e ho?owalewale i nā mea e pono ai i nā?ano like?ole. Hō?ike nā noi?i i kēlā hana ha?aha?a ha?aha?a e like me Blur:?O ia i nā ki?i ki?i ki?i a hō?emi i nā kūlana kūpono (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).

E hui pū?ia,?o kēia mau mea i mana?o?ia e hā?awi i nā loina o Johnson e hā?awi i nā pae kūpono. Pono nā helu kūpono e komo ai i ka consmittance ma ka hele?ana, e ho?ohālikelike?ia, etc. Ma ka laulā, kahi?ano ho?ohālikelike maoli maoli e ho?onui i ke?ano ma?alahi ma kahi?ike a i?ole ka leka uila i ka leka uila no ka lewa.

Hō?ike?ike i nā helu helu

Ke ho?ohana nei i nā'ōlelo i luna a?e, hiki i kekahi ke koho i ka D / R / R / wau i nā mea i hā?awi?ia no kahi kāmera i hā?awi?ia a i?ole. ?o kahi la?ana:

• 'Alalelo: Kahi kanaka 2m ki?eki?e (h_o = 2m) i kau?ia e kahi kāmera f = 50mm a pixel pitch p = 20μm (= 0.02mm). Ke ho?ohana nei i ka johnson's 1 - Nā Kūlana Kūlana no ka?ike,

  $$R _ {rm dut} = \ frac {2 \$$

  For recognition (≈3 cycles) and identification (≈6 cycles), the ranges become ≈833?m and ≈417?m respectively (since $R\propto1/N$).

• Nā Kūlana Kū?ai: Hā?awi kahi palapala palapala Leonardo Drs e hā?awi i kahi pahuhopu kanaka No ka hana 3 - Huli ka hana i ka hana, ke ho?ohālikelike nei lākou i kahi 50%?ike kiko'ī o ka 157m. (Me nā helu like, kā mākou mau hua'ōlelo i $ R \ apple (0.95) / (2 \ Times3)

• Nā waiwai ma?amau: I nā kūlana kūpono (maika?i maika?i, e wehe i ka ea), ke kānāwai o Johnson - o -?O ka nānā?ana o kahi kanaka i kahi o kahi mau mile. No ka manawa, ho?okahi kumu kumu cites ~ 2000m Dectional, ~ 667m?ike, a me ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?).

Hō?ike pololei kēia mau hi?ohi?ona i ke?ano o nā loina o Johnson e ho?opili pololei?ia me ka arithmetic ma?alahi. ?O nā mea ma?amau i ka ho?oma?ama?a pinepine?ia ma muli o nā kumu i ha?i?ia ma luna.

Noi

Ua ho?ohana nui?ia?o Johnson's Scieria i ka ho?olālā?ana a me ka loiloi Nā'ōnaehana ho?ohālikelike ma waena o nā mahina he nui:

• Kauka a me ka pale?ana: Nā kiko'ī sensor no ka pō - Hō?ike i nā Scopews Scopews, nā hi?ohi?ona nani, a me ka loiloi i ka papa inoa?o D / R / R /Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia). Loa?a ka loa?a?ana a me ka?ike (he hoaaloha vs foe) i ka pō e hilina?i i kēia mau mana?o. He nui nā mahina'aiila a me nā papa hana kūpono e hō?ike i ka 1 - 3 - 3.6 - Nā Kūlana - Nā Puka i kālai?ia.

• E huli a me ka ho?opakele / palekana: Hana?ia a i?ole nā ??kāmele Kāle?a i ho?ohana?ia e loa?a ai i nā lāhui i nalowale, a i?ole Kritor Stimeters, e ho?ohana pū ana me nā metrics. No ka la?ana, hiki i nā hui ho?opakele ke koi aku i kahi kāmera e hiki ai ?ike he kanaka ma 1km a ho?omaopopo i 400m. Hā?awi?o Johnson's Scieria i kahi papa hana no kēlā mau kiko'ī.

• ?O ke alaka?i a me ke kānāwai. Palapala Patrol, nānā pono ka nānā?ana, a me ka?ike?ana i nā mea?ike i ka?ike?ana i kēia mau kūlana e hiki ai ke koho i kahi kanaka a i?ole ke ka?a i ka pō a i?ole ka pō. (Kekahi mau kūlana e hana ai i nā hana Johnson

Ma kēlā me kēia hihia, kōkua?o Johnson Johnson i ka unuhi?ana i nā'āpana sensor (resolution, optic

Nā palena a me nā ho?ololi hou?ana

?Oiai?o kāna mea pono, he mea nui nā loiloi Johnson PAHUI. ^. He mea empirical ia

• Nā kūlana ma?alahi: E mana?o ana ia i kahi papa lole lole, ampleget ampleget sterast, a me kahi mea nānā maika?i. ?A?ole ia he mo?okāki no ka clutter a camouflage. I ka ho?oma?ama?a, kahi pahuhopu e kū'ē i kahi ala pa?akikī e koi hou i nā hopena hou a?e ma mua o nā waiwai no JohnsonKa mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).

• Ho?ole?e i nā hopena kūlohelohe: ?A?ole e ho?okomo i nā loiloi kumu i ka wā a i?ole ka atmospheric attenuation. Nā noi?i e hō?ike ana i kēlā ?A?ohe hi?ohi?ona ma?alahi piha piha fog, ua nui, a me nā hopena nui (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria) ((Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). E ho?onui pinepine?ia nā'ōnaehana hou e kahi huapalapala o ka atmospheric i ho?ohana?ia a ho?ohana paha i nā hi?ohi?ona?ike.

• Nā mea kanaka; Ho?ohana?ia ka hana a Johnson i kekahi mau mea i?ike?ia i nā mea i?ike?ia ma lalo o nā kūlana i ho?opili?ia; ?A?ole i hō?ole i nā?ano like?ole i ka ho?oma?ama?a?ana, nānā, ka maka?u, etc. Aia paha e hiki i nā?oko?a nui ma waena o nā mea i?ike?iaKa mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).

• Hō?ailona a me ka ho?oili?ana: Hana?ia ka hi?ohi?ona i ke ki?i e like me ka palena wale nō ma Geometry (Pixels a me Optics). ?A?ole ia e ho?ohui i ka wala?au sensor (netd), nā hō?ailona hō?ailona, ??a i?ole ke ki?i ki?i ki?i ki?i. Hiki i nā mea ho?okūkū ho?okūkū a i?ole nā ??algorithms wikiō hiki ke ho?omaika?i i ka ho?onā kūpono, ke?ano o nā kāmera maoli e pili pinepine ana i nā palena johnson.

• Ke ho?okūkū?o Ua wehewehe?ia nā koina no ~ 50%. ?A?ole lākou e wehewehe i ke?ano o ka ho?omaika?i?ana me ka hopena hou aku me ka hopena hou a?e ma mua o ka paepae,?a?ole ho?i e hopu i nā pihi wahahe?e.

Ma muli o kēia mau pū?ulu, nā?ano hana o kēia mau hana hana ma Johnson e ho?onui ai iā Johnson. ?O ka la?ana, ka pū?ali koa U.S. Loa?a Ho?oponopono?o Methodology i nā koina o ka cycle (0.75 mau keke no ka?ikeKa mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). Nui nā hana hana nui i kēia manawa ho?ohui i ka mtf ?O kekahi mau mea e pili ai i ka beer -?O Lambert Attenuation (e like me J - Kakie/T - Ua hui Nā ho?ohālike (Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria)) a i?ole nā ??metrics clunter. Ho?ololi nā po?e'ē a?e i nā paepae pa?akikī me nā mea?ike kiko'ī (e.g. E ho?ohana ana i nā curves offsistics hana). Eia na?e,?o Johnson's Strierria e noho ana i kahi mana?o nui a me kahi alaka?i mua loa.

I ka hō?ulu?ulu?ana,?O Johnson nā loulou o Johnson i ka hopena spatial o kahi sensor infrared i nā hana kūpono e?ike ai i kahi pahuhopu. Ma ka ho?olaha?ana i ka?ike,?ike, a me ka ho?omaopopo?ana i nā'ōlelo a "Line State e hiki ai ke hana i kahi o ke kāleka kūponoNā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous). ?Oiai e pili ana i kekahi no nā mea maoli - Nā mea hana honua ma kekahi ho?olālā kiko'īNā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria).

Nā kumuwaiwai: ?O nā wehewehe nui a me nā waiwai mai ka hana mua o JohnsonNā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) a hō?ulu?ulu i nā palapala (Nā Kūwaha?o Johnson - Wikipedia) ((He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?). E nānā i nā helu helu e pili ana i ke?ano o nā?ano - lens formulas ma ka no?ono?o?ana i ka loiloi (?O ka nānā?ana i ka hō?ike?ana i ka'ōnaehana'ōnaehana no nā ka?a autonomous). Ua kākau?ia nā hopena kūlohelohe a me nā hopena pili i ka hahai?ana i nā huahana -Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria) ((Ka mō?aukala a me ka ne?e?ana o ka johnson criteria). Nā hi?ohi?ona kūpono a me nā mana?o e hele mai mai nā mea hana a me nā hō?ike loea (He aha ka pahu, a he aha ka mea e pili ana i ka helu?ana?).