Sharu??an Johnson don gano hangen nesa da kuma fitarwa

Tarihi na tarihi: A ?arshen shekarun 1950, Johnson Sojojin U.S. Sojojin sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dare -Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia). A cikin takarda na 1958 "Binciken hoto na hoto", Johnson ya ruwaito kofuna marasa iyaka (a cikin layin layi a kan manufa) da ake bu?ata don ayyuka daban-daban (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia). An san wannan da Sharu??an Johnson. An canza zanen firikwensin ta hanyar kyale injiniyoyi don hango yadda za a iya ganin manufa ta nisa, ko gano ?ar?ashin yanayi (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia). Amfani da wa?annan ka'idodi, daga baya aka kirkiro da samfuran tsinkaya da yawa don biyan aikin firam a karkashin yanayi daban-dabanSharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

Gano, fitarwa, da ganewa (DRI)

Sharu??an Johnson ya ba da labarin uku Ayyukan gani:

• Gano: Mai lura kawai lura cewa abu yana nan. (A wannan matakin, mutum zai iya ganin "Blob" ko canzawa a cikin yanayin.) Johnson ya gano cewa gano da ake bu?ata game da 1.0 ± maki 0.25 nau'i-nau'i a fadin manufa (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Gane:Mai lura zai iya gaya wa nau'in abu na gaba ?aya (alal misali, rarrabe mutum daga abin hawa). Wannan yana bu?atar ?arin daki-daki - asali game da 4.0 ± maki 0.8 (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Shaida: Mai kallo na iya gano takamaiman abu (E.G. wani samfurin abin hawa ko takamaiman mutum). Wannan shine mafi wahalar aiki, yana bu?atar 6.4 ± biyu nau'i-nau'i (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

(Johnson kuma ya lura da tsaka-tsaki "daidaituwa" mataki a ~ 1.4 layin nau'i (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia), amma tattaunawar yau da kullun tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan Dri.) A cikin sharu??an Injiniya, ma'aurata ?aya ya dace da hoto guda biyu a fadin ma?asudin (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia). A cikin ?ayyadaddun ?ayyadaddun ?amus ?in zamani, wa?annan masu bakin cikin galibi suna zagaye ne 1, 3, da 6 hawan keke Don yiwuwar 50% na aiwatar da aikin (Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?).

(Free mutum man silhouette vector art - Download 17,246+ Man Silhouette gumons & zane - Pixabay) Hoto: Wani mutum - mai kama da shi a karkashin lura. A \ da Rano, manufa kawai tana samar da siliki mai duhu (isa ga gano); a matsayin ?uduri (ko kusanci) yana ?aruwa, fuska da kayan aikin sutura suna fitowa, ba da damar fitarwa da ?arshe cikakken ganewa. Sharu??an Johnson ya ?ididdigar nau'ikan cikakkun bayanai da yawa a kowane mataki (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?).

Sharu??an Johnson (?imar ?uduri)

Ana ta?aita ka'idodin asalin Johnson kamar yadda ya biyo baya ga kashi 50% na kowane aiki (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia):

• Gano (Bai dace): ~ 1.0 biyu biyu a kan manufa (50% yuwuwar 50%) (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Fitarwa (aji na abu): ~ 4.0 nau'i nau'i-nau'i akan manufa (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Shaida (takamaiman abu): ~ 6.4 nau'i nau'i-nau'i akan manufa (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).

Wadannan dabi'un suna ?aukar babban manufa - Bambancin bango da kuma mai lura da shi. (Kowane layi biyu daidai yake da pixels biyu, don haka e.G. 1.0 Layin biyu ≈ 2 pixels a duk fa?in nisa (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia).) Abubuwa da yawa suna daidaita sau?a?an "Dri" lambobin 1 - 3 - 6 Hyjles (Ma'anar nau'i) don ganowa - Gano yadda yake bi da shi (tantancewa,Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?). Misali, Jagorar NATO tana amfani da zagaye 1 don ganowa, 3 don fitarwa, don tantancewa 6 don ganewa.Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?). (U.S. An sabunta Sojoji Saya Sharu??a ko da amfani 0.75, 1.5, 3, da 6 hayuka don ganowa, sanannu, gane, gano, nuna ayyukan da aka ?arfafawa (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).)

Sharu??an Johnson yawanci ana bayyana pronabilistically: Bayar N Hycles a kan manufa, akwai yiwuwar yiwuwar yin kowane aiki daidai (galibi sigmoid - kamar 50% a allul mai takaita). Koyaya, ana yawanci amfani dashi azaman "mulkin babban yatsa" da ake bu?ata ?udurin da ake bu?ata zuwa aikin.

Lissafin lissafi (?uduri da kewayon)

Da Yawan hanyoyin da ke gudana A fadin manufa ya dogara da girman manufa, kewayon, firikwenya na tabarau, da girman pixel. Don samfurin zane mai sau?i ko samfurin lens (?ananan - kusurwa), ya sami (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu):

ina n shine adadin hawan keke akan manufa, H_O shine girman halayen da aka yi da shi (m), f shine tsawon lens mai tsayi (guda raka'a kamar filin pixel), p shine filin pixel (nesa tsakanin cibiyoyin pixel), kuma R shine kewayon zuwa ma?asudin. Wannan tsari ya kama sakamako masu illa: manufa mafi girma (ko kuma tsawon tsayi) yana ?aruwa n, yayin da mafi girma pixel ko mafi tsayi ya ragu n (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu). Idan N Ana bu?atar hawan keke (daga teburin Johnson) don wani aiki, da kewayon ganowa za a iya warware a matsayin

Misali, daidaita girman manufa ko tsayin daka ya ninka kewayon ganowa don tsayayye N (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu). Hakanan, dakatar da filin pixel (I.E. Babban ?udurin firikwensin) ya ninka kewayon. Ana amfani da wa?annan dabaru sau da yawa ta hanyar kyamarar da aka yi amfani da ita - zanen gado don kimanta D / r / na kasance ?ar?ashin yanayi mai kyau.

Abubuwan da suka shafi kewayon ganowa

Tsarin kewayon kewayon da ke sama yana ?aukar cikakkiyar bambanci da bayyanannun yanayi. A aikace, yawancin dalilai suna tasiri da ganowa da kewayon ganewa:

• Girman manufa da bambanci: Mafi girma (mafi tsayi ko annobar) ma?asudin an bayyane a nesa mafi nisa; Hakanan, manufa tare da mafi girma infrared Bambancin (E.G. Mai zafi vs mai sanyi da bango) yana da sau?in ganowa. Don kyamarori na zafi, zato gama gari shine bambancin yanayin zazzabi daga baya don abin dogara. Karami ko low - Bambancin ma?asudin yana bu?atar ?arin hanyoyin (don haka kusa da kewayon).

• IDAN Sensor & Oxitcs: Kamar yadda aka nuna, finer pixels (karami p) kuma tsawon tsayi mai hankali f kara kewayewa. Hakanan, aikin canja wuri na m modulation (MTF) da ingancin gani yana shafar yadda cikakken bayani ke canzawa. A cikin kalmomin Johnson, ingantacciyar ?ud?walwa ta ?arshe (mafi girma MTF) rage yawan hanyoyin da ake bu?ata don aiki da aka bayar (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu).

• Yanayin ATMOSPHERHER: Real atmospheres da aka daidaita siginar. Sakamakon ruwan sama, hazo, ko ?ura zai iya rage kewayo. Abubuwa masu sau?i suna amfani da dokar giya (f_t = Exp (- R / L_R)) don lissafta watsa a cikin igiyar ruwa (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). Nuna Binciken Tsaro da Yanayi mai nauyi na iya zama ?ananan yiwuwar gano abubuwan ganowa, koda a cikin ir (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). IRYRARYR IR yana da ?asa da tururi na ruwa fiye da bayyane haske, amma har yanzu mawuyacin yanayi har yanzu yana gajarta sosai.Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson) (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).

• BAYANIN HUKUNCIN: Babban - Tsarin ciki na ganowa ya zama mai wahala. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa a cikin "Lowrutter mai ?arancin 'yan wasan Johnson na iya zama ?arami kamar ~ 0.5 hawan keke don ganowa, amma a cikin gano Harkokin 50% (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). A aikace, camouflited ko gani mai rikitarwa sau da yawa yana bu?atar bambanci da bambanci ko ?uduri sosai a sama da ?arancin Johnson.

• Signal - zuwa - Hoise rabo (snr) da hayaniya na firikwensin: Masu ganowa masu ganowa suna da amo (netd) da iyakance iyaka mai tsauri. Sa hannu na zafi da kuma hayaniyar hayaniya mai ?arfi ta haifar da yadda ake bu?ata na da ake bu?ata. Bincike yana jaddada cewa karancin SND ya yi kamar blur: yana lalata ingancin hoto da rage kewayon inganci (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).

Tare, wa?annan dalilai suna nufin cewa ka'idojin Johnson ba su ba da jerin gwano. Duk wani lissafi masu amfani dole ne ya ha?a da watsa Attemheric, manufa ta, hayaniya ta firam, da dai sauransu. Gaba?aya, daidaitaccen daidaituwa na gaske yana ?aukar tsari mai sau?i ta hanyar ganuwa ko ajalin isar da aiki don lissafi.

Misalin lissafin

Yin amfani da tsarin da ke sama, mutum zai iya kimanta D / r / Ina tarawa don kyamarar da aka bayar da manufa. Misali:

• Misali: Mutumin 2m mai tsayi (H_O = 2m) imaged da kyamarar zafi tare da f = 50mm da filin pixel p = 20μm (= 0.02mm). Yin amfani da Johnson na 1 - gabar juyawa don ganowa,

  $$R _ {\ RM det} = \ FRACS {\, \ rubutu {mm} {ords 0.02 \ 1 \ sau 1 \, \ sau 1 \$$

  For recognition (≈3 cycles) and identification (≈6 cycles), the ranges become ≈833?m and ≈417?m respectively (since $R\propto1/N$).

• Misalin masana'anta: Bayani Drs yana ba da manufa na ?an adam (m girma ~ 0.95m) da kyamara tare da tsinkaye guda 17.75m mai tsayi tsayi. Ga aikin sanadin zagaye, suna lissafta kewayon gano 50% na kusan 157m. (Tare da lambobi iri ?aya ne, tsarinmu yana samar da $ R \ kim kim kimanin 16.75) / (2 \ sau0.ten35.

• Hankula hali: A cikin yanayi mai kyau (?an lokaci mai kyau, dokar Johnson), mulkin Johnson - na - babban yatsa na wani babban yatsa na ?an adam zuwa kan odar offetersan kilomita ka?an. Misali, tushe ?aya ke?awa ~ 2000m gano ~ 667m, da kuma ~ 333m ganowa don mutum 1.8m (Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?).

Wadannan misalai suna nuna yadda sharu??an Johnson za a iya amfani da Johnson tare da Arhithmetic mai sau?i. Ainihin ramuka a aikace galibi galibi suna raguwa saboda abubuwan da aka ambata a sama.

Aikace-aikace

An yi amfani da ka'idodin Johnson sosai a cikin ?ira da kimantawa Tsarin nunawa na Haske a duk filayen da yawa:

• Sojoji da tsaro: Bayanai na Senoror na Dare - Taron hangen nesa, gani da kashewa, sau da yawa suna jerawa D / r / na kasance bisa ka'idodin Johnson (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia). SANARWA DA KYAUTATAWA (Uwati vs magunguna) Da dare dogaro kan wadannan kimanta. Littattafan filin da yawa da kuma sayo takardu na nuni 1 - 3 - Mulkin - Mulki ga makami -.

• Bincika da ceto / Tsaro: Kamara na hoto ko sanya kayan aikin zafi da aka yi amfani da su don samun asarar mutane, ko saka idanu na kashin, kuma amfani da etrics na Dri. Misali, ceto kungiyoyin na iya bu?atar kyamara da zai iya gane dan Adam a 1km da fid da A 400m. Sharu??an Johnson yana ba da tushe don irin wa?annan allurar.

• Kulawa da tilasta doka: Tsarin sintiri, Kulawa na Namun daji, da Tsarin Bincike suna amfani da wa?annan ka'idodi don hango abin da zai iya ?aukar mutum ko abin hawa da dare. (Wasu ka'idoji suna tsara ayyukan Johnson; E.G. NATO yana amfani da D, R, I rarrabika cikin bukatun Hoto.)

A kowane yanayi, ka'idodin Johnson yana taimakawa wajen fassara sigar Sensor (?uduri, girman pixel) cikin awo na aiki (kewayon gano ko gano wani manufa ta hali).

Iyalauta da karuwa da zamani

Duk da amfanin sa, Sharu??an Johnson yana da mahimmanci iyakance. Abu ne mai lalacewa, ingantaccen tsari wanda ya wuce ainihin ainihin - tasirin duniya:

• Yanayin sauki: Yana ?aukar wani bangare na daidaituwa, isasshen manufa, da kyau - mai kallo. Ba ya lissafi don cunkoso ko kamarku. A aikace, manufa da wani hadaddun hadaddun na iya bu?atar ?arin ?uduri fiye da ?imar Nominal (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).

• Watsi da tasirin muhalli: Sharu??an asali ba su ha?a da yanayin ba ko atmospheriate na atmospheric. Nazarin ya jaddada hakan Babu samfurin mai sauki ci gaba daya kame hazo, ruwan sama, da tasirin hayaki (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson) (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). Tsarin zamani yakan ninka ajalin isassan watsawa ko amfani da samfuran ganuwa da kyau.

• Abokan mutane: Aikin Johnson ya yi amfani da 'yan abokan aikin da suka horar da su a ?ar?ashin yanayin sarrafawa; Yana watsi da bambance-bambance a cikin horo mai lura da shi, hankali, gajiya, da sauransu na iya zama bambance-bambance na dabam tsakanin mutane a cikin ainihin yiwuwar yiwuwar zama (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).

• Siginar da aiki: Tsarin yana bi da hoton kamar yadda ya iyakance kawai ta geometry kawai (pixels da Oxpics). Ba ya ha?a hayaniya ta firstor (raga), kewayon ?arfi, ko ha?akar hoto. Duk wani onboard ko algorithms na bidiyo na iya inganta ?uduri mai tasiri, ma'ana kyamarori na ainihi galibi suna iya karewa da iyakance Johnson.

• Yiwuwa na maida hankali: An ayyana ka'idodi don yiwuwar 50%. Basu bayyana yadda aikin yayi inganta tare da ?arin ?uduri baicin bakin kota, kuma ba su kama karya ba layukan ?ararrawa ko roc curves.

Saboda wa?annan gibba, ?irar mahalli na zamani suna ha?aka tsarin Johnson. Misali, U.S. Sojan Soja Saya Hanyar ta daidaita bukatun sake zagayowar (0.75 hawan keke don ganowa, da sauransu) dangane da manyan gwaji (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). Yawancin aikin bincike yanzu suna ha?a MTF, snr da kuma mikel na ATMOSPheria a sarari. Wasu sun ha?a da giya-Lambert Hertenididdigar (kamar yadda J - Fim/T - hadu Motoci (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson))) awo awo. Wasu kuma suna maye gurbin bakin aiki mai wahala tare da ka'idar gano ?ididdiga (E.G. Yin amfani da masu kar?a mai kar?a (E.G. Yin amfani da masu kar?a mai kar?a). Ban da haka, ka'idojin Johnson ya zama ra'ayi mai zurfi da sauri - Jagorar Jagora zuwa Range Hoto.

a takaiceDukkanin ka'idojin Johnson suna danganta ?udurin spatial na fitsari ga ayyukan da ke da amfani na ganin manufa. Ta hanyar bayyana ganowa, da ganewa da ganewa game da "layin nau'i-nau'i akan manufa," Yana samar da injiniyoyi a cikin madaidaiciyar kyamarar za ta iya yin kowane aiki a ?ar?ashin yanayi mai kyau (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu). Yayinda mutum zai yi la'akari da shi na gaske - Abubuwa na Duniya a cikin kowane daki-daki, har yanzu ka'idojin Johnson har yanzu sun ci gaba da ?imar ?irar kyamarar da ke gudana a yau (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson).

Sources: Ma'anar Ma'anar da dabi'u daga ainihin aikin Johnson (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) da ta?aitawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen (Sharu??an Johnson - Wikipedia) (Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?). Kulawa na kewayon suna bin bakin ciki - Lens foryulas a cikin bincike na hasashe (Tsarin kwaikwayon tsarin kwaikwayo na asali don motocin da kansu). An lasafta tasirin muhalli da ?awancen ?ira a cikin biyun - Up nazarin (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson) (Tarihi da kuma juyin halitta na ka'idojin Johnson). Misalai masu amfani da zato sun zo daga masana'antun da rahotannin fasaha (Menene Dri, kuma menene ya dogara da lissafi?).